In its heyday, foreign direct investment in Asia was primarily focused on the Tier I cities, such as Beijing, Seoul, Tokyo and Mumbai. These cities are the population and business centers of their countries, with active and growing economies. Tier I cities are the most liquid, mature and transparent of the cities in Asia, with a variety of choices for investment properties and tenants. But with this flood of capital came falling cap rates, making investment in these primary cities a very pricey endeavor. Faced with steep pricing, intense competition and liquidity surpluses in the Tier I cities, investors began to look at some of the Tier II and III cities, where prices were lower and therefore returns higher.