On Dec. 11, 2020, Congress passed the Corporate Transparency Act (CTA) with a veto-proof majority, in an apparent attempt to target shell companies commonly used in private equity transactions (including real estate transactions) in the United States. Supporters of the CTA argue that its new reporting rules, discussed in detail below, are essential to combating crimes that make use of anonymous shell companies, such as money laundering, human trafficking and illegal black-market operations. However, some detractors argue that, in addition to unreasonably intruding into the private affairs of law-abiding taxpayers, the CTA also stands to introduce significant reporting burdens, especially in the real estate industry, where multi-tier entity structures are common. The stakes are high: Failure to comply with the new requirements could even result in prison time and stiff monetary penalties.