Europe has entered a period defined by turbulence. Within only a few years, the continent has endured a pandemic, war on its borders, energy price shocks, and geopolitical realignments that are reshaping global trade and capital flows. Added to this are technological upheavals and demographic pressures that are testing the capacity of existing systems. Taken together, these shocks have revealed Europe’s dependence on external actors and its limited ability to shield itself from disruption.
But Europe’s response cannot be isolation. Europe will remain deeply interconnected with the global economy, but it must strengthen its ability to act independently when circumstances demand it. In other words, Europe must maintain and build its autonomy and resilience, which
