In places such as Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia, P3s have been used to supplement investment to meet many infrastructure investment gaps. P3 usage has been increasing in the United States as in some other countries, though their usage has been increasing, thanks to the risk mitigation and innovation in public projects. A report from BDO USA, Public-Private Partnerships (P3s) Can Unlock More Federal Funds for Infrastructure, says the IIJA could accelerate that shift.